🌐 Navigating International Affairs

In an increasingly interconnected yet divided world, international affairs have become a critical space where diplomacy, defense, economy, and ideology intersect. For India, navigating this landscape is not a matter of aligning with one bloc or another, but a continuous exercise in strategic autonomy — a policy of choosing what best serves national interest in an evolving geopolitical climate.

India is no longer a passive observer on the global stage. Today, it’s a key regional power, an emerging technology and trade hub, a voice for the Global South, and a balancing force in multipolar dynamics. Whether it’s responding to the Russia-Ukraine war, maintaining close ties with the U.S. while preserving defense dependencies on Russia, or standing firm on border issues with China while keeping diplomatic channels open — India’s choices are deliberate, layered, and increasingly assertive.

But these aren’t just headlines. For a CLAT aspirant, they form the foundation of high-order comprehension and reasoning. CLAT passages on international affairs are not designed to test factual recall, but to evaluate how well you understand why nations act the way they do. Why would India abstain from a UN vote? Why does it call out terrorism yet strengthen ties with Israel and Palestine alike? Why is the Indo-Pacific becoming more than just a maritime term? These are questions of context, interest, and global vision — and they demand a legal and analytical mindset.

In this section, we’ll walk you through key themes that define India’s global engagement — from strategic balancing to multilateralism, energy diplomacy to conflict response. Each theme will be unpacked through four lenses:
→ Context: What’s the geopolitical backdrop?
→ Passage Types: How might this appear in a CLAT question?
→ CLAT Perspective: What legal, diplomatic, or analytical lens does CLAT expect you to use?
→ Summary: What core insight should you take away?

By the end, international affairs will no longer feel like abstract news stories. They’ll become scenarios you can dissect, patterns you can predict, and positions you can explain — just like a future lawyer would.

How to Approach International Affairs: A Theme-Based CLAT Strategy

International affairs don’t unfold randomly — they follow patterns, tensions, and priorities. For India, diplomacy is often about managing contradictions: deepening defense ties with one power while trading with another, or leading global conversations on climate while navigating energy needs at home. To help you make sense of this complexity, we’ve divided this section into key themes, each focusing on a distinct set of relationships, events, or global platforms that shape India’s foreign policy.

Each theme is structured to help you think like CLAT wants you to think:

🧭 Context – Sets the geopolitical stage and background behind India’s position.
🔍 Analysis – Breaks down recent developments, motivations, and long-term implications.
⚖️ CLAT Perspective – Highlights how these issues may appear in passages: facts, inference, legal reasoning, or policy dilemmas.
📊 Visual Aids (Optional) – Maps, timelines, and flowcharts to make complex issues easier to grasp and retain.

Think of each theme as a storyline in India’s foreign policy narrative — complete with characters (nations, blocs), conflicts (border, trade, values), and evolving plotlines (agreements, summits, statements). By recognizing these themes, you’ll be able to decode passages quickly, infer unstated implications, and answer with confidence.

Now, let’s explore the most relevant themes shaping India’s global outlook today — starting with the high-stakes border dynamics between India and China.

Theme 1: India–China Relations & Border Dynamics

📖 CLAT-Style Passage:

India’s relationship with China stands as one of its most strategically challenging bilateral equations. The long-standing border dispute, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), has shaped a relationship of cautious engagement punctuated by moments of intense confrontation. The 2020 Galwan Valley clashes marked a serious breakdown in diplomatic safeguards, resulting in the first deadly conflict between the two armies in decades and a significant shift in perception on both sides.

In a notable diplomatic development, India and China reportedly reached a partial border agreement in October 2024. This agreement allowed for the resumption of patrolling in two key friction areas — Depsang and Demchok — under pre-2020 arrangements. While seen as a modest breakthrough, analysts argue that it was influenced more by external pressures than genuine bilateral reconciliation. China, ahead of the BRICS summit and amid increasing uncertainty around U.S. policy shifts, likely sought to de-escalate tensions temporarily. For India, managing the border allowed it to refocus on stabilizing critical economic dependencies, particularly concerning supply chains and infrastructure investments.

However, the agreement falls short of restoring the status quo ante. Both sides continue to maintain enhanced military deployments, and deep mistrust persists. The deal does not resolve China’s repeated assertions over Arunachal Pradesh, which Beijing controversially refers to as “South Tibet,” nor does it address ongoing disputes over transboundary water projects, including China’s plans for a mega hydroelectric dam on a river flowing into India. Additionally, while dialogue channels at political and military levels have reopened, they operate under guarded optimism rather than genuine confidence-building.

Strategic experts have begun referring to the situation as one where “guardrails are in place, but the vehicle is still speeding downhill.” In other words, while both nations have avoided further escalation, the core geopolitical and geoeconomic rivalry remains largely unresolved. This makes the India–China equation less about temporary fixes and more about managing long-term structural tensions — a theme increasingly reflected in multilateral forums, bilateral talks, and defense posture realignments.

Context: India–China Relations & Border Dynamics

India and China share a 3,488-kilometre-long boundary that remains largely undefined and heavily disputed, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) — a notional demarcation separating Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. This contested boundary has resulted in repeated military stand-offs, the most severe in recent history being the Galwan Valley clashes in June 2020, which led to casualties on both sides and a sharp deterioration in diplomatic trust.

Since then, bilateral relations have been marked by a tense military standoff, increased troop deployments, and a hardening of both strategic narratives and public sentiment. Multiple rounds of diplomatic and military talks have aimed at de-escalation, but with limited success. Meanwhile, economic interdependence complicates the equation: India is reliant on Chinese imports for critical sectors like electronics and pharmaceuticals, even as it pushes for self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) and diversified trade partnerships.

In this complex landscape, border negotiations have become both a tactical necessity and a strategic chessboard. India wants to reduce confrontation without appearing weak; China seeks to maintain its assertiveness without pushing India too far into U.S.-led strategic alliances. The dynamic is further shaped by regional shifts — such as China’s infrastructural expansion via the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and India’s growing presence in multilateral platforms like QUAD and SCO.

The October 2024 agreement marked a tentative thaw, reopening patrolling routes in two high-friction areas. However, this agreement — while diplomatically significant — does not erase underlying tensions. Fundamental issues like China’s claim over Arunachal Pradesh, its water resource management on shared rivers, and growing military infrastructure near the LAC continue to fuel suspicion and strategic anxiety.

Understanding this evolving bilateral relationship — where military posturing, diplomatic hedging, and economic pragmatism co-exist — is essential for grasping how India navigates its place in an increasingly polarized world order.

Analysis: India–China Relations & Border Dynamics

India’s engagement with China remains one of its most complex bilateral relationships — shaped by geography, history, and shifting geopolitical ambitions. At the heart of this tension lies the unresolved border dispute along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), a de facto boundary that remains ill-defined and contested.

While the October 2024 agreement to restore patrolling rights in Depsang and Demchok is seen as a positive step, it represents only a partial de-escalation, not a full resolution. This temporary thaw came in the backdrop of diplomatic incentives: China’s desire to stabilize regional fronts before the BRICS Summit, and India’s intent to prevent further military flare-ups while recalibrating its economic dependencies and regional focus.

However, the core issues persist. China continues to claim Arunachal Pradesh as part of “South Tibet,” a stance India strongly opposes. Additionally, China’s construction of a large dam on a shared river (Brahmaputra/Yarlung Tsangpo) poses risks of hydro-political tension, adding an environmental and resource-management layer to already frayed ties.

Militarily, both sides have consolidated positions. Infrastructure development on both ends — roads, airstrips, and advanced logistics — indicates preparation for prolonged deterrence, not immediate reconciliation. The term “guardrails” is often used in diplomacy to refer to mechanisms like communication channels or military hotlines that prevent accidental escalation, but these guardrails remain fragile given the trust deficit.

Historically, India–China tensions follow a cyclical pattern of stand-off → talks → partial disengagement → fresh provocations. Events such as the 1962 war, 2017 Doklam standoff, and 2020 Galwan clash are not isolated but part of a recurring narrative. Even the 2024 agreement, while symbolically important, must be viewed within this long arc of border volatility.

Strategically, India continues to walk a tightrope — balancing its hard stance on sovereignty with economic pragmatism and multilateral diplomacy. The need to diversify supply chains, strengthen naval deterrence in the Indo-Pacific, and expand defense cooperation with the West, particularly the QUAD grouping, is increasingly part of India’s broader China strategy.

1. Vector Map Representation: Conflict Zones

Purpose:

This stylized map gives a clear, intuitive picture of the India–China LAC situation, especially for students new to border geopolitics.

What the Map Shows:

Educational Insight:

This map helps visualize:

• What “disputed borders” mean in international law and politics

• How geography shapes diplomacy and conflict

• Why certain zones are military flashpoints vs. diplomatic pain points

📅 Timeline Table: Yearly Flashpoints

Purpose:

This table is chronological, helping users understand the evolving pattern of confrontations. It complements the map by grounding it in time instead of just space.

Highlights:

Educational Insight:

• Builds causal reasoning — how each event leads to the next

• Teaches geo-strategy: diplomacy, militarism, treaties, disengagement

• Helps law/IR aspirants understand border law, conflict resolution, and bilateral negotiations

Summary: India–China Relations & Border Dynamics

• Core Issue: The India–China relationship remains strained due to long-standing border disputes, especially along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).

• 2024 Border Agreement: A partial reconciliation was reached in October 2024 to restore patrolling rights in Depsang and Demchok, signaling diplomatic intent but not a return to pre-2020 status quo.

• Strategic Drivers:

  • China’s motivation: Stabilize relations ahead of the BRICS Summit and potential global realignments.

  • India’s focus: Avoid escalation and reduce economic overdependence on China.

• Unresolved Tensions:

  • Arunachal Pradesh dispute: China claims it as “South Tibet.”

  • Water issues: China’s proposed dam on the Brahmaputra raises concerns over water security.

  • Military buildup: Both sides have fortified their positions along the LAC.

• Diplomatic Tools & Challenges:

  • “Guardrails” like communication channels exist but are under strain.

  • Trust deficit remains high; dialogue continues at both military and political levels.

• Broader Implication:

  • This theme reflects India’s larger strategy of multi-alignment — pursuing ties with global powers while asserting strategic autonomy, especially in dealing with regional assertiveness from China.

Theme 2: India–U.S. Relations under New/Changing Governments 

Passage: India–U.S. Relations in a Shifting Global Order

Over the past two decades, the India–U.S. relationship has undergone a strategic recalibration, moving from episodic cooperation to a near-structural partnership. Despite changes in government on both sides, the bilateral relationship has grown stronger, shaped by mutual concerns regarding China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific and shared commitments to democracy, technology, and global stability.

The collaboration spans several dimensions. On the defense front, India is one of the few countries designated as a “Major Defense Partner” by the U.S., a title that facilitates high-end defense sales and joint interoperability exercises. Agreements such as BECA and COMCASA, alongside regular military exercises like Yudh Abhyas and Malabar, have solidified this security architecture. Technological cooperation has also deepened. In 2022, both nations launched the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET), which, together with the India-U.S. Defense Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X), promotes synergy in sectors such as semiconductors, AI, quantum computing, clean energy, and space.

However, this increasing alignment is tempered by India’s strategic posture of “multi-alignment,” often described as strategic autonomy. While the U.S. prefers to bind India more closely to its security architecture, India continues to engage with countries like Russia and promotes a multipolar, rules-based global order, emphasizing inclusive governance models that reflect the aspirations of the Global South.

Trade, meanwhile, remains a contentious issue. The U.S. has criticized India’s protectionist policies, branding it the “tariff king,” while India seeks reinstatement into the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program—terminated in 2019. Though an interim trade deal has been proposed for mid-2025, differences on market access and digital trade remain unresolved. Immigration policies, too, are a concern, especially around the H-1B visa program, with Indian nationals constituting the majority of its recipients. Additionally, concerns have emerged in U.S. political circles about democratic backsliding and human rights issues in India, further complicating optics despite bipartisan support for the partnership.

In this evolving landscape, the India–U.S. relationship is marked by convergence in strategic priorities, divergence in normative frameworks, and a balancing act between deep engagement and sovereign independence.

Context: Strategic Convergence Amid Political Transitions

The India–United States relationship has emerged as one of the most consequential bilateral partnerships of the 21st century, transcending changes in political leadership on both sides. From George W. Bush to Joe Biden, and from Manmohan Singh to Narendra Modi, successive governments have broadened the scope of cooperation—especially in defense, technology, and the Indo-Pacific strategy.

This sustained momentum is rooted in shared democratic values, mutual concerns about China’s growing regional dominance, and a convergence of strategic interests. At the same time, India remains committed to its long-standing principle of strategic autonomy, balancing its engagement with the U.S. while maintaining independent ties with countries like Russia and promoting a multipolar world order. Recent years have witnessed expanded collaboration in areas such as artificial intelligence, clean energy, space, and defense manufacturing. However, friction points remain—in trade policy, immigration, and differing perceptions of democratic governance.

In this evolving global order, where geopolitical alignments are constantly tested, the India–U.S. relationship continues to be shaped by a combination of strategic convergence and calibrated independence

Analysis: A Strategic Partnership Balancing Opportunity and Autonomy

The India–U.S. bilateral relationship has evolved into a multidimensional strategic alliance, particularly over the last two decades. A cornerstone of this partnership is defense cooperation. India has been recognized as a “Major Defense Partner” by the U.S., facilitating over $20 billion in defense trade since 2008. Joint military exercises such as Yudh Abhyas and Malabar, and agreements like BECA, COMCASA, and LEMOA, have deepened military interoperability.

A transformative initiative, the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET), launched in 2022, marked a pivot to high-tech collaboration. It prioritizes cooperation in semiconductors, AI, quantum computing, space exploration, and clean energy. A notable offshoot, INDUS-X, promotes innovation ecosystems between Indian and American defense startups.

Yet, India’s foreign policy posture remains defined by “strategic autonomy”. While India aligns with the U.S. on regional concerns—particularly vis-à-vis China in the Indo-Pacific—it avoids formal alliances and seeks inclusive multilateralism, including active engagement with Global South countries.

Trade tensions have surfaced periodically. U.S. frustration over Indian tariffs—highlighted by Donald Trump labeling India the “tariff king”—and India’s demand for reinstatement into the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) are sticking points. An interim trade deal was anticipated by mid-2025, reflecting both nations’ intent to iron out differences.

Immigration and visa policy is another high-sensitivity area. Over two-thirds of H-1B visas are awarded to Indian professionals, and any tightening of U.S. immigration policy significantly affects India’s IT sector. Additionally, U.S. concerns about human rights, freedom of press, and alleged cases of transnational repression have introduced normative strains into the otherwise pragmatic relationship.

Despite these challenges, the trajectory of India–U.S. ties remains largely forward-looking, with both countries recognizing the geopolitical necessity of a robust partnership amid global power shifts.

CLAT Perspective: Focus on:

■ Key bilateral initiatives like iCET and INDUS-X.²⁷

■ The concept of India’s “strategic autonomy” or “multi-alignment” in its foreign policy.²⁶

■ Major areas of defense and technological cooperation.

■ Persistent points of friction in trade (tariffs, GSP ²⁷) and other domains.

■ The impact of U.S. domestic policies (e.g., on immigration, trade tariffs) on the bilateral relationship.

Theme 3: India’s Role in G20

 Passage 

India’s G20 Presidency, held from December 1, 2022, to November 30, 2023, marked a defining moment in its diplomatic and global leadership journey. With the theme “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” — meaning One Earth, One Family, One Future — India sought to unite nations under a common vision of inclusive development, environmental sustainability, and technological cooperation.

Under this philosophy, India prioritized critical issues including Green Development, Climate Finance, Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), SDG acceleration, and Women-led Development. A historic achievement during its term was the inclusion of the African Union as a permanent member of the G20, symbolizing India’s unwavering commitment to representing the Global South.

The New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration, unanimously adopted by all member nations, emphasized goals such as tripling global renewable energy capacity by 2030, reforming Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), and promoting sustainable lifestyles through the LiFE movement. As part of the G20 Troika (Indonesia–India–Brazil), India continues to influence multilateral priorities into 2024 and beyond.

🧭 Context: Why the G20 Presidency Mattered

India’s G20 presidency was not merely ceremonial; it came at a time when the world was recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, facing geopolitical fragmentation (e.g., the Russia-Ukraine conflict), and confronting economic uncertainties.

By taking the lead in convening consensus, India used its presidency to balance development needs and global cooperation. India acted as a bridge between developed and developing nations, focusing on inclusive economic recovery, sustainable development, and digital equity.

Analysis: Key Highlights of India’s G20 Presidency

1. Green Development & LiFE Movement

• Focused on clean energy transitions and the adoption of eco-conscious lifestyles.

• Advocated for climate finance to developing countries and formed alliances for green hydrogen and biofuels.

• Promoted the Green Development Pact, calling for tripling renewable energy capacity globally by 2030.

2. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)

• India showcased successful models like Aadhaar, UPI, and DigiLocker, encouraging global adaptation of DPI.

• Proposed the creation of a Global Digital Public Infrastructure Repository, positioning India as a tech enabler.

3. Voice of the Global South

• India organized the ‘Voice of the Global South Summit’, providing 125+ developing nations a platform to express priorities.

• Successfully lobbied for the African Union’s permanent G20 membership, expanding the G20’s inclusiveness.

4. Women-led Development

• India highlighted women’s economic empowerment and leadership in sustainable development across all policy tracks.

5. Multilateral Development Bank (MDB) Reform

• India emphasized modernizing MDBs to meet current global challenges, ensuring more equitable and transparent lending frameworks.

6.CLAT Perspective: Questions might cover:

■ The theme and key priorities of India’s G20 presidency.³⁶

■ Significant initiatives pushed by India (e.g., African Union membership, LiFE movement, digital public infrastructure).

■ India’s role in representing the interests of the Global South.

■ The structure and functioning of the G20 (e.g., Finance Track, Sherpa Track, Troika ³⁶).

○ Visual Aid Suggestion: India’s G20 presidency emphasized inclusivity and a human-centric approach. To visually capture these global engagements, a display using flags or distinct icons for each member country involved in key initiatives (like the Green Development Pact or Digital Public Infrastructure) would be effective. A flowchart illustrating the progression: India’s G20 Goals → Key Outcomes Achieved (e.g., African Union membership) → Follow-up Actions by succeeding presidencies

(Brazil 2024, South Africa 2025) could trace the impact. Furthermore, a

G20 legacy timeline, highlighting key themes and achievements from

India’s 2023 presidency and their continuation or evolution under Brazil (2024) and South Africa (2025), would effectively convey the continuity of these global efforts.

Theme 4: Navigating Neutrality – India’s Foreign Policy Amidst the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

Passage

Since February 2022, the Russia-Ukraine war has disrupted the geopolitical order and posed significant challenges for Indian diplomacy. In the midst of this turbulence, India has chosen a path of strategic autonomy, maintaining a neutral stance that upholds its national interest while avoiding direct alignment with any power bloc.

India abstained from UN resolutions condemning Russia’s invasion and refrained from imposing sanctions, despite mounting pressure from Western powers. This decision is informed by deep-rooted historical ties with Russia, especially in the defense sector. Nearly 45% of India’s military imports between 2017 and 2022 came from Russia, including the ongoing S-400 missile system deal. Abandoning these ties would not only jeopardize national security but also disturb longstanding bilateral cooperation.

Economically, India has emerged as a top importer of discounted Russian crude oil, raising its share of Russian imports from 2% in 2021 to over 25% by 2024. India justifies this decision based on the need for energy security, especially amid global price volatility. To facilitate payments, India has explored alternative mechanisms such as the rupee-ruble trade arrangement, bypassing the SWIFT system affected by Western sanctions.

Simultaneously, India has worked to deepen strategic relations with the United States and European partners, reflecting a balancing act in a multipolar world. India’s repeated calls for “dialogue and diplomacy” demonstrate its effort to preserve peace without compromising its core strategic interests.

 Context: Between East and West — The Tightrope of Strategic Neutrality
The Russia-Ukraine war forced India to reassess and reaffirm its non-aligned, issue-based foreign policy, now repackaged as strategic autonomy. Unlike the Cold War era’s binary choices, India has sought to engage multiple partners without subscribing to their rivalries. This approach is particularly visible in its multi-vector diplomacy, where Russia remains a defense ally, while the West is an economic and technological partner.

India’s decisions in global forums like the United Nations have reflected this nuance. By abstaining on resolutions but maintaining dialogue with all parties, India signals its independent judgment, prioritizing national interest over ideological alignment.

Analysis: Interests Over Ideology
India’s foreign policy response can be analyzed through three major lenses:

1. Strategic Compulsions
India’s dependency on Russian defense technology is not easily replaceable in the short term. The S-400 missile system, nuclear cooperation (e.g., Kudankulam project), and spare parts for existing Russian-origin equipment anchor this relationship. Cutting defense ties abruptly could cripple India’s preparedness and modernization goals.

2. Energy and Economic Considerations
Russia’s discounted crude oil became an attractive alternative during times of inflation and energy scarcity. By increasing oil imports, India not only reduced its import bill but also safeguarded domestic energy needs. The rupee-ruble payment system was proposed to protect Indian economic interests from the ripple effects of Western sanctions on global banking infrastructure.

3. Geopolitical Balance
Despite proximity to Russia, India continues to participate in forums like the Quad with the US, Japan, and Australia. It also hosted multiple 2+2 strategic dialogues with the US and EU while maintaining high-level contact with Russia. This reflects a conscious attempt to retain strategic leverage with all powers.

CLAT Perspective Breakdown
📘 Key Concepts for CLAT
Strategic Autonomy: India’s foreign policy approach where national interest is prioritized over alignment with global powers.

Non-Alignment vs. Strategic Autonomy: Be prepared to distinguish these.

UN Voting Record: India’s abstentions on resolutions criticizing Russia.

Energy Security: Justification for continued Russian oil imports.

Defense Dependency: How defense deals influence diplomatic stances.

SWIFT System & Rupee-Ruble Trade: Alternative economic strategies.

🧠 Possible CLAT MCQ/Legal Reasoning Angles
Match the reason for abstention with foreign policy principles.

Comprehension-based reasoning on India’s energy or defense stance.

Application: If sanctions are imposed, can India invoke sovereign autonomy to bypass them?

Constitutional implication (Article 51 – promotion of international peace and security).

📝 Summary

India’s position on the Russia-Ukraine conflict showcases the practical application of strategic autonomy, balancing defense and economic interests with diplomatic principle. Rather than take sides in a polarized world, India has charted its own course—buying oil, maintaining defense ties, yet calling for peace and dialogue. This policy illustrates the new realism in Indian diplomacy, a vital theme for CLAT aspirants exploring the intersection of law, international relations, and current affairs.

Theme 5: India’s Position on the Israel–Hamas Conflict

Passage 

The renewed Israel-Hamas conflict, which escalated after the October 7, 2023, terror attacks on Israel, has posed significant diplomatic tests for nations around the world. India’s response to this crisis illustrates its delicate balancing act — condemning terrorism, upholding humanitarian values, and staying true to its long-standing foreign policy on the Israel-Palestine issue.

India swiftly condemned the terror attacks on Israeli civilians while simultaneously expressing deep concern over civilian casualties in Gaza. This dual response underscores India’s evolving global role — one that prioritizes national security interests without compromising its commitment to international humanitarian law and dialogue-based conflict resolution.

India has consistently called for an immediate ceasefire, the release of all hostages, and the resumption of peace talks. It also welcomed the January 2025 ceasefire agreement that enabled limited humanitarian relief and prisoner exchanges. India emphasized that its approach stems from the need to uphold international peace, protect civilian lives, and ensure unimpeded humanitarian access, particularly in densely populated conflict zones like Gaza.

The Indian government also undertook significant diplomatic engagement, with the Prime Minister and the External Affairs Minister speaking directly with their counterparts in the region and beyond, reiterating India’s official support for a two-State solution — the vision of an independent and sovereign State of Palestine co-existing peacefully with Israel within secure and mutually agreed borders.

On the ground, India initiated “Operation Ajay”, a humanitarian evacuation program that brought back over 1,300 Indian nationals from Israel, prioritizing the safety of its citizens. This move, along with India’s calls at forums like BRICS, the UN, and the Voice of Global South Summit, reflected its multi-pronged and human-centric foreign policy in times of crisis.

Context: A Consistent Yet Evolving Foreign Policy

India’s position on the Israel-Palestine conflict has historically emphasized the need for a peaceful, negotiated solution that ensures justice, sovereignty, and security for both sides. The current conflict, however, required India to adapt its stance in real-time, navigating moral clarity against terror, while avoiding polarizing alignment in a geopolitically sensitive region.

This nuanced diplomacy reflects India’s aspirations as a responsible global actor — one that respects international law, upholds humanitarian principles, and pursues strategic autonomy. India’s ability to denounce terrorism while calling for peace reaffirms its balanced approach in West Asia.

Analysis:

Diplomacy Anchored in Principle and Pragmatism
India’s multi-dimensional response can be examined across four thematic areas:

1. Policy Continuity and Principle
India’s reiteration of the two-State solution highlights policy consistency. It reflects support for a peaceful resolution aligned with UN Security Council Resolutions and emphasizes coexistence and mutual respect.

2. Condemnation of Terrorism
By denouncing the October 7 attacks as acts of terror, India signaled its zero-tolerance policy on non-state violence, reaffirming its global image as a nation that upholds security and sovereignty.

3. Humanitarian Commitment
India’s repeated emphasis on protection of civilian lives, aid corridors, and medical assistance in Gaza reinforces its role as a moral actor in international conflicts.

4. Diplomatic and Operational Engagement
India’s backchannel diplomacy, high-level communications, and evacuation missions like Operation Ajay indicate both operational readiness and concern for diaspora safety — a key element of foreign policy maturity.

CLAT Perspective Breakdown

Key Legal and International Concepts for CLAT
Two-State Solution: India’s consistent support for Palestine and Israel to co-exist within defined, secure boundaries.

Strategic Autonomy: India’s independent stance — condemning terror without fully aligning with Western or Arab blocs.

Humanitarian Evacuation: Operation Ajay, showcasing India’s civilian protection priorities.

Ceasefire Diplomacy: India’s support for the January 2025 peace agreement reflects its diplomacy-first approach.

📚 Legal or Constitutional Touchpoints
Article 51 of the Indian Constitution: Promotes international peace and security.

India’s alignment with UN Charter principles, especially on sovereignty, human rights, and peaceful resolution of disputes.

🧠 Possible CLAT MCQ/Comprehension Angles
Match India’s responses with foreign policy principles (e.g., condemnation of terrorism vs. humanitarian outreach).

Identify key diplomatic actions (forums, statements, or missions).

Interpret India’s balanced policy through international law lenses.

Questions on constitutional directives (Article 51) and their application to global conflicts.

📝 Summary

India’s response to the Israel–Hamas conflict highlights its evolution as a mature global actor balancing moral imperatives with strategic interests. By reaffirming support for the two-State solution, facilitating humanitarian efforts, and engaging diplomatically without taking sides, India has shown how principled diplomacy and strategic autonomy can coexist. This theme offers rich ground for CLAT aspirants exploring international relations through the lens of law, policy, and real-world diplomacy.

Theme 6: India’s ‘Neighborhood First’ Policy: Challenges and Successes

India’s ‘Neighborhood First’ policy, a cornerstone of its diplomatic approach since 2014, emphasizes fostering strong, stable, and mutually beneficial relationships with its immediate South Asian neighbors. Rooted in the broader objective of regional peace and prosperity, this policy reflects India’s strategic intent to maintain influence in its periphery while countering the growing presence of rival powers like China. However, despite its ambition and scale, the policy’s journey has been marked by both moments of regional cooperation and periods of diplomatic strain.

With Bangladesh, India has traditionally shared close cultural and economic ties. Yet, political shifts in Dhaka in mid-2024 disrupted bilateral momentum. The formation of an interim government led to stalled connectivity projects, including the use of the Chattogram and Mongla ports and key railway links. Trade volumes dipped, and the much-anticipated BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement was paused, reflecting the policy’s vulnerability to internal political changes within neighboring states.

Meanwhile, India’s relationship with the Maldives has witnessed significant fluctuation. Following a period of anti-India sentiment propelled by the #IndiaOut campaign, diplomatic engagement saw a resurgence when President Muizzu visited India in October 2024. This meeting resulted in renewed financial support, including a $750 million currency swap agreement. Development assistance was also increased in the 2025–26 Union Budget, reaffirming India’s enduring commitment to strategic partnerships even in politically volatile environments.

Sri Lanka presented a contrasting story. As the island nation battled economic collapse, India emerged as a first responder, providing vital financial assistance and humanitarian aid. In April 2025, Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Colombo further solidified ties through defense and energy agreements, emphasizing India’s role in regional stability under its Vision MAHASAGAR initiative.

Nepal, despite occasional tensions, remained engaged through dialogue. High-level talks in 2025 focused on customs cooperation, aiming to curb illicit trade and enhance commerce. India’s enduring support for hydropower and infrastructure development reinforced Nepal’s status as a key regional ally.

In Bhutan, the Neighborhood First policy continued to flourish without significant friction. India allocated ₹2,150 crore in aid to Bhutan in the 2025–26 budget, cementing its position as India’s closest and most trusted partner in the region. Infrastructure and hydropower remained at the core of this development partnership.

India’s engagement with Myanmar, on the other hand, has been marked by caution. Following the 2021 military coup, India has tried to balance its strategic interests with democratic values. Projects such as the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport and the Trilateral Highway remain priorities, but India also continues to extend humanitarian support and security cooperation, mindful of the instability along its northeastern borders.

In sum, the Neighborhood First policy is an ambitious and dynamic pillar of India’s foreign policy. Its success hinges on India’s ability to respond flexibly to political changes, uphold strategic interests, and offer economic and humanitarian assistance where needed. While the region remains complex and unpredictable, India’s commitment to dialogue, respect, and cooperation underscores its desire to be not just a regional power, but a responsible neighbor.

Context: Reinforcing Regional Diplomacy

India’s ‘Neighborhood First’ policy, announced in 2014, underlines New Delhi’s diplomatic priority of enhancing bilateral ties with its immediate South Asian neighbors. Rooted in principles of regional stability, economic connectivity, and cultural partnership, the policy aspires to ensure peace and prosperity in the subcontinent. However, despite noble intentions and early successes, the policy faces dynamic challenges stemming from political volatility, shifting alliances, and rising Chinese influence in the region. As India grows into a regional leader and global voice, its ability to effectively manage its neighborhood remains both a litmus test and an opportunity.

Analysis: Country-Wise Engagements and Strategic Implications

🇧🇩 Bangladesh: From Convergence to Concern

Bangladesh has been a cornerstone of India’s regional connectivity push. Yet, recent developments have complicated this relationship. In August 2024, political unrest led to the formation of an interim government, casting uncertainty over bilateral projects. Initiatives like the Chattogram and Mongla port access, Khulna-Mongla Port rail line, and the Akhaura-Agartala rail link have slowed or stalled. The BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement, a symbol of sub-regional road integration, also faced suspension. Declining trade volumes and the cooling of strategic dialogues indicate the fragility of even seemingly stable bilateral ties when political transitions disrupt bureaucratic continuity.

🇲🇻 Maldives: Navigating Political Undercurrents

India’s engagement with the Maldives has oscillated between warmth and tension. The #IndiaOut movement, fueled by opposition narratives, led to a temporary dip in public sentiment and diplomatic friction. However, diplomatic resilience was evident in October 2024, when President Mohamed Muizzu visited India, triggering a diplomatic thaw. India extended a US$750 million currency swap facility and raised development aid from ₹470 crore to ₹600 crore in the 2025–26 budget, reaffirming strategic solidarity. India’s role in healthcare, education, and security projects remains key to counterbalancing China’s growing presence in the archipelago.

🇱🇰 Sri Lanka: Strategic and Economic Rebuilding

In the wake of Sri Lanka’s economic meltdown, India positioned itself as first responder, offering credit lines, humanitarian support, and long-term assistance. In April 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Colombo culminated in a series of pacts on defense cooperation, energy grid connectivity, and maritime security, echoing India’s broader ‘Vision MAHASAGAR’—a strategy integrating the Indian Ocean region through sustainable infrastructure and naval cooperation. This reinforced the credibility of the Neighbourhood First principle and boosted India’s strategic depth.

🇳🇵 Nepal: Resetting Economic Ties

Although political dynamics in Nepal have occasionally led to friction, bilateral ties saw renewed focus in April 2025, when both sides held high-level talks on customs cooperation to combat illicit trade and improve cross-border commerce. India’s support for hydropower development, digital infrastructure, and road connectivity continues, and Nepal remains a key participant in India’s neighborhood engagement matrix.

🇧🇹 Bhutan: An Anchor of Mutual Trust

Among India’s neighbors, Bhutan stands out for its stable and cordial relationship. For the 2025–26 financial year, India allocated ₹2,150 crore to Bhutan—the largest recipient of Indian foreign aid. This continues to fund strategic infrastructure, hydropower projects, and capacity building initiatives, reinforcing India’s commitment to a partnership based on trust and developmental equity.

🇲🇲 Myanmar: Balancing Security and Diplomacy

Post the 2021 military coup, India has pursued a cautious engagement with Myanmar. The dual goals remain: stabilizing the Northeast border region and preserving regional connectivity projects. India continues to invest in the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project and the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, while simultaneously extending developmental aid and humanitarian assistance. India’s outreach also includes engaging with ethnic stakeholders and promoting dialogue, mindful of both security risks and regional geopolitics.

Core Concepts to Understand

India’s Neighborhood First policy is not merely diplomatic rhetoric—it integrates soft power diplomacy, strategic economics, counterbalancing Chinese influence, and cross-border stability into a comprehensive regional strategy. For CLAT aspirants, this theme offers rich intersections of foreign policy, public international law, and geo-political awareness, all of which can feature in current affairs-based legal reasoning and comprehension passages.

📜 Constitutional & Strategic Frameworks

• Article 51 of the Constitution: Encourages respect for international law and peaceful global relations.

• Vision MAHASAGAR: India’s maritime strategic outlook for the Indian Ocean Region.

• 5S Approach of Neighborhood First: Samman (Respect), Samvad (Dialogue), Shanti (Peace), Samriddhi (Prosperity), and Sanskriti (Culture).

📝 Likely CLAT Questions Could Include:

• Match country with the status of bilateral initiatives (e.g., Maldives – currency swap, Bangladesh – BBIN MVA).

• Identify India’s response to regional instability (e.g., aid to Sri Lanka, cautious Myanmar policy).

• Legal basis of India’s foreign assistance (e.g., under constitutional values).

• Conceptual questions on strategic autonomy, regional balance, and maritime doctrine.

🧾 Summary

India’s Neighborhood First policy exemplifies a high-stakes balancing act — where diplomacy, aid, trade, and security converge. While strategic breakthroughs such as currency swaps, defense agreements, and infrastructure aid showcase India’s regional leadership, challenges from political instability, delayed projects, and rising competition from China test the resilience of these ties. For CLAT aspirants, understanding the legal, strategic, and humanitarian nuances of this policy is essential to navigating questions rooted in current global affairs with an Indian legal lens.

Theme 7: India’s ‘Act East’ Policy Developments 2024-25

India’s ‘Act East’ Policy: Strategic Depth in Southeast Asia

In 2024, India marked a decade since the launch of its ‘Act East’ policy—an evolution of the earlier ‘Look East’ initiative. While ‘Look East’ primarily emphasized trade and cultural ties with Southeast Asia, ‘Act East’ broadened India’s engagement to include defense, strategic partnerships, and regional security. This policy shift is rooted in India’s growing recognition of Southeast Asia as not just an economic partner, but a pivotal region in shaping Indo-Pacific geopolitics.

The third term of the Modi administration witnessed renewed diplomatic and strategic outreach across ASEAN nations. Bilateral and multilateral dialogues with countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines have intensified. Central to this renewed engagement are joint defense initiatives: maritime security dialogues with the Philippines and Vietnam, naval exercises like SIMBEX and Garud Shakti, and land-based military drills such as Harimau Shakti and CINBAX. These efforts aim to strengthen maritime domain awareness, enhance interoperability, and reinforce India’s role as a net security provider in the Indo-Pacific.

Beyond defense, cyber cooperation has gained prominence. India and Singapore deepened ties through the Cyber Policy Dialogue, reflecting the importance of digital trust and resilience in regional partnerships. However, economic engagement remains a mixed picture. While trade with ASEAN nations continues to grow, concerns persist over trade imbalances and the sluggish pace of infrastructure projects such as the India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project. These initiatives are critical to regional connectivity but face delays due to logistical, political, and security challenges.

At the core of the Act East policy lies the principle of ASEAN centrality—India’s commitment to treating ASEAN as a central player in shaping the Indo-Pacific architecture. The broader aim is to counterbalance China’s increasing assertiveness in the region, safeguard critical sea lanes, and foster a rules-based order.

Ultimately, the Act East policy is more than a regional outreach strategy. It reflects India’s aspiration to be a proactive stakeholder in the Indo-Pacific, combining economic cooperation with strategic depth. As the policy matures, its effectiveness will hinge on India’s ability to convert diplomatic intent into tangible outcomes across infrastructure, security, and regional integration.

Context: A Decade of Strategic Outreach

2024 marks the 10th anniversary of India’s transition from its earlier ‘Look East’ policy to the more dynamic ‘Act East’ policy. Originally conceptualized to enhance trade and cultural ties with Southeast Asia, the policy has now evolved into a multidimensional strategy encompassing defense cooperation, connectivity infrastructure, maritime security, and geopolitical alignment—especially in light of China’s assertive presence in the Indo-Pacific region. The Act East Policy aligns with India’s broader Indo-Pacific vision, positioning ASEAN at the core of regional cooperation.

Analysis: From Rhetoric to Real Engagement

India’s diplomatic and strategic efforts in 2024–25 under the Act East policy demonstrate a significant upgrade in bilateral and multilateral engagement with Southeast Asian nations. The Modi 3.0 government has intensified high-level summits, defense exchanges, and maritime dialogues with key ASEAN members such as Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, and Malaysia.

1. Strategic and Security Engagements

India has prioritized defense diplomacy and security partnerships:

• Maritime Security:

  • Regularized the India-Philippines Maritime Dialogue.

  • Strengthened India-Vietnam Maritime Security Dialogue.

  • Conducted enhanced naval drills like SIMBEX (with Singapore) and Garuda Shakti (with Indonesia).

• Defense Cooperation:

  • Joint exercises such as Harimau Shakti (with Malaysia) and CINBAX (with Cambodia).

  • Bilateral Defense Dialogues focusing on shared challenges in the Indo-Pacific.

2. Cyber and Technological Diplomacy

India held the India-Singapore Cyber Policy Dialogue, focusing on digital infrastructure, AI governance, and cyber norms—an area critical to 21st-century diplomacy and trust-building.

3. Connectivity and Infrastructure

While strategic dialogue has surged, economic connectivity infrastructure has progressed more slowly:

• India-Myanmar-Thailand (IMT) Trilateral Highway: Faces delays due to instability in Myanmar.

• Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project (KMMTTP): Challenges include logistical bottlenecks and local unrest.

Despite delays, these projects remain essential to India’s ambition of creating a seamless transport corridor that links Northeast India with Southeast Asia.

4. Geopolitical Drivers

A key undercurrent of the Act East policy is counterbalancing China in the region. By strengthening ASEAN ties and asserting presence in maritime security architecture, India aims to:

• Secure critical sea lanes of communication.

• Support an open, free, and rules-based Indo-Pacific.

• Reinforce ASEAN centrality against increasing regional polarization.

CLAT Perspective: Legal and Analytical Readiness

Law aspirants preparing for CLAT should grasp the evolution of India’s regional diplomacy and be ready to interpret:

• The transformation from Look East to Act East and its expanded strategic scope.

• India’s infrastructure diplomacy and its geopolitical motivations.

• The importance of ASEAN-India engagement in global policy discourse.

Expect comprehension questions that test:

• Identification of major infrastructure projects and their current status.

• Interpretation of India’s Indo-Pacific vision and maritime focus.

• Differentiation between India’s economic, defense, and cultural components of regional policy.

CLAT Perspective: Questions may cover:

■ The evolution from ‘Look East’ to ‘Act East’ and the expanded scope.³⁹

■ Key pillars of engagement (connectivity, commerce, culture, capacity building).

■ Major infrastructure projects (IMT Highway, KMMTTP ³⁹) and their status/challenges.

■ India’s strategic partnerships and dialogues with ASEAN and individual Southeast Asian countries.³⁹

■ The geopolitical drivers of the policy (e.g., Indo-Pacific dynamics, China factor).

Wrapping Up: Why International Affairs Matter in Law Entrance Exams

In today’s increasingly interconnected world, understanding global developments is no longer optional—it’s essential. From India’s diplomatic balancing acts to regional leadership at the G20 and strategic navigation through conflicts, international affairs offer rich analytical material for CLAT, AILET, and CUET PG aspirants.

This section aimed to not only summarize key global events but also connect them to potential exam scenarios—helping you build contextual awareness, develop critical reasoning, and prepare for current-affairs-based comprehension and MCQs.

Whether it’s India’s stance on geopolitical conflicts, regional cooperation, or strategic alliances, mastering these themes gives you a strong edge in acing the legal reasoning and GK sections.

Why International Affairs Matter for Future Legal Minds

India’s foreign policy is no longer confined to diplomatic communiqués—it intersects with human rights law, international treaties, climate frameworks, maritime regulations, and refugee protections. The themes explored—India’s G20 leadership, strategic balancing in global conflicts, and evolving neighborhood relations—showcase how global affairs shape national policy, legal frameworks, and constitutional interpretation.

Understanding these developments:

• Trains you to analyze foreign policy through a constitutional lens

• Helps tackle passages in CLAT/AILET involving international law and treaties

• Prepares you for contemporary legal debates like refugee rights, war crimes, and climate justice

As you transition to the next section—Legal Current Affairs—keep in mind that today’s global issues often echo in courtrooms, legislation, and judgments tomorrow.

Let’s now explore how the law responds to change—in court rulings, statutory reform, and evolving constitutional interpretations.

👉 Proceed to Legal Current Affairs ➜